LANGUAGE IN INDIA

Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow

Volume 13:12 December 2013
ISSN 1930-2940

Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D.
Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D.
         Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D.
         B. A. Sharada, Ph.D.
         A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D.
         Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D.
         Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D.
         S. M. Ravichandran, Ph.D.
         G. Baskaran, Ph.D.
         L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D.
         C. Subburaman, Ph.D. (Economics)
Assistant Managing Editor: Swarna Thirumalai, M.A.

HOME PAGE

Click Here for Back Issues of Language in India - From 2001

BOOKS FOR YOU TO READ AND DOWNLOAD FREE!

REFERENCE MATERIAL

BACK ISSUES

  • E-mail your articles and book-length reports in Microsoft Word to languageinindiaUSA@gmail.com.

  • PLEASE READ THE GUIDELINES GIVEN IN HOME PAGE IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE LIST OF CONTENTS.

  • Your articles and book-length reports should be written following the APA, MLA, LSA, or IJDL Stylesheet.

  • The Editorial Board has the right to accept, reject, or suggest modifications to the articles submitted for publication, and to make suitable stylistic adjustments. High quality, academic integrity, ethics and morals are expected from the authors and discussants.

Copyright © 2012
M. S. Thirumalai
Custom Search

Challenges for Female EFL Teachers
in Career Making in Pakistan

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Arif
Muhammad Younas
Ahmad Subhani
Abdul Ali, M.Phil. (Linguistics)
Muhammad Kashif Iqbal, M.Phil.

Abstract

This study investigates the barriers faced by female EFL teachers in their teaching career in Pakistan. From the population of female EFL teachers in Pakistan, a sample of fifty teachers was selected through convenience sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close at hand and it includes people who are easy to reach. The data were collected through a questionnaire based on three-point rating scale. The Questionnaire was designed after reading a lot of literature on the topic concerned. The purpose and aim of devising this questionnaire was to investigate the challenges confronted by female EFL teachers in Pakistan. The questionnaire consisted of only five items because the nature of questions was comprehensive enough to serve the purpose. The results of the data collected through fifty questionnaires are shown through the graphs and tables. In the end, it was concluded that the absence of organizational justice and social disapproval and societal beliefs are the greatest challenges that the female EFL teachers face in Pakistan.

Keywords:Organizational Justice, social disapproval and societal beliefs, work-family conflict, purdah (Veil) and izzat (Honour)

Introduction and Literature Review

In this modern era of globalization and economic development, the females have to work side by side with the males to meet up the economic needs of their families. As a result, the females seek a variety of jobs. While doing jobs, the women have to face many challenges in advancing their careers.

Huang, et al. (2004) are of the opinion that females are awarded less salary than males. The justification that is given to defend this difference of salary is that females are not usually family's main earners. Foley et al. (2005) opine that females are more affected than males by distributive injustice in organization. They gave this opinion keeping in view the Israeli educational system. Greenhaus, et al. (2001) present a different view that females working in teaching profession are in position to manage work-family conflict easily due to workplace flexibility than those of working in other professions with inflexible hours and long workday.

Meyer and Allen (1997) demonstrate that organizational commitment has three components: affective, continuance and normative. Affective commitment can be defined as employee's emotional association and involvement in organization. Besides, he identifies himself/herself with organization. Normative commitment is feelings of obligation to continue employment. Continuance commitment refers to the awareness of the costs associated with leaving i.e. because they need to stay.

This is only the beginning part of the article. PLEASE CLICK HERE TO READ THE ENTIRE ARTICLE IN PRINTER-FRIENDLY VERSION.

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Arif
Dean, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences
GC University, Faisalabad. PAKISTAN
drshahbazarif@gmail.com

Muhammad Younas
(Corresponding Author)
Department of English
University of Sargodha
Sargodha PAKISTAN
younasdanial@gmail.com

Ahmad Subhani
M.Phil Scholar (Linguistics)
Lahore Leads University
Lahore
PAKISTAN
ahmad_subhani@hotmail.com

Abdul Ali, M.Phil. (Linguistics)
Punjab College Faisalabad, PAKISTAN
abdulalipcc@gmail.com

Muhammad Kashif Iqbal, M.Phil. Scholar
Lahore Leads University
Lahore
PAKISTAN
revealer25@gmail.com
Custom Search
  • Click Here to Go to Creative Writing Section

  • Send your articles
    as an attachment
    to your e-mail to
    languageinindiaUSA@gmail.com.
  • Please ensure that your name, academic degrees, institutional affiliation and institutional address, and your e-mail address are all given in the first page of your article. Also include a declaration that your article or work submitted for publication in LANGUAGE IN INDIA is an original work by you and that you have duly acknowledged the work or works of others you used in writing your articles, etc. Remember that by maintaining academic integrity we not only do the right thing but also help the growth, development and recognition of Indian/South Asian scholarship.