LANGUAGE IN INDIA

Comparative Study of Cost Effectiveness of
Formal and Non-Formal System of Primary Teacher Certificate Programme
in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan

Sajjad Hayat Akhtar, Ph.D.
Muhammad Naseer Ud Din, Ph.D.
Parveen Munshi, Ph.D.

Abstract

This research study is a descriptive analysis of the cost effectiveness of formal and non-formal system of Primary Teacher Certificate (PTC) programme in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

In this research the Allama Iqbal Open University PTC trainees and conventional PTC trainees were considered as a population of the study, their time duration of the course, courses admission system, cost effectiveness, teacher training, job opportunities, examination system, and follow up study were investigated.

Specific indicators were used to determine the extent to which these components contributed to the efficient running of teacher education programme in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

As for the objectives of the study were concerned, the following were focused upon: to compare the inputs for producing PTC teachers by formal and non-formal system, to compare the characteristics of PTC trained teachers by formal and non-formal system to be taken in equal numbers, to identify the needs of non-formal education in the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and to determine the cost effectiveness of non-formal PTC teachers.

Data was collected through survey and questionnaires.

The following results were made by the researcher in the light of analysis of data. Majority of the PTC pass-outs were confronted with the problems, like inadequacy of trained teachers and lack of computers and Internet facilities. There is a wide spectrum of issues relating to the lack of well-integrated media with content difficulties and learning from media and the lack of provision of guidance and counselling.

This study is significant as it deals with training of PTC teachers by formal and non-formal system. On the basis of the previous research studies and insight of general literature, the following hypothesis was drawn to be tested by the present study: The cost-effectiveness of open education is not greater than the cost of regular system.

Keywords: Duration of courses; job opportunities; cost-effectiveness; examination system; admission system; open system and conventional system evaluation.

Introduction

Education is a social process by which we lead individuals and groups from darkness to light or from ignorance to knowledge. It is a process in which we try to develop the different capacities and potentialities of individuals in all aspects of life. It is a wholesome development of the whole child.

In Pakistan, the formal system cannot cope with the demand of education for all. In order to over-come this problem, Allama Iqbal Open University was established at Islamabad in June 1974. It provides education and training to the masses at large through its distance education approach.

Allama Iqbal Open University is one of the unique institutions because of its philosophy, system approach, functions and overall structure. The university provides multi-level and multidisciplinary education from the gross roots to the higher level programmes for the distance learners, out of which one is the Primary Teacher Certificate (PTC) course which was introduced in October 1979. It comprises three parts, which are (i) principle of teaching (ii) overall content and methodology of the primary school curriculum and (iii) a practical component of workshop plus supervised teaching practice.

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