LANGUAGE IN INDIA

Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow

Volume 14:12 December 2014
ISSN 1930-2940

Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D.
Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D.
         Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D.
         B. A. Sharada, Ph.D.
         A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D.
         Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D.
         Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D.
         S. M. Ravichandran, Ph.D.
         G. Baskaran, Ph.D.
         L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D.
         C. Subburaman, Ph.D. (Economics)
         N. Nadaraja Pillai, Ph.D.
Assistant Managing Editor: Swarna Thirumalai, M.A.

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Development of a Deep Test of Articulation for
Pressure Consonants in Kannada

Ms. Sahana Muralikrishna and Dr. Pushpavathi M.

Abstract

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is a congenital condition which can result in communication impairment. The articulation, resonance and voice aspects are affected to a greater extent among children with CLP. Children with CLP have greater difficulty in producing pressure consonants. Therefore, this study aimed at developing the deep test of articulation for pressure consonants in Kannada for individuals with CLP. The study was carried out in four phases: 1) Identification of pressure consonants in Kannada language, 2) Development of word list of target pressure consonants, 3) Development of picture form for the final word list and 4) Development of sentence list of target pressure consonants. The target pressure consonants were developed in several possible vowel and consonant contexts in preceding and following milieu. The developed word list, picture form, and sentence list were given to three speech language pathologists and two preschool teachers for familiarity testing. The stimuli were finalized after the familiarity testing. The final word list compromised of 519 words (277 words in preceding context & 242 words in following context). The finalized picture form compromised of 277 pictures in preceding context and 242 pictures in the following context. The sentence list after familiarity rating comprised of 377 sentences in preceding context and 351 sentences in following context. The final list compromised of 728 sentences. The deep test using pressure consonants provides detailed information about articulation abilities of individual with CLP. The standardized diagnostic test will be very helpful tool in diagnostic as well as therapeutic intervention.

Key words: Deep test, Pressure consonant, Familiarity testing

Introduction

Cleft lip and palate is a congenital condition which can result in communication impairment. The presence of cleft lip and palate (CLP) may negatively impact a child’s ability to communicate effectively, and therefore cause significant social, emotional, and educational hardship (ASHA, 1991). The incidence of cleft lip and palate is relatively high in India. A multicentre survey conducted by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai in India (Raju, 2000) reported that every year 35,000 children in India are born with clefts. The incidence of cleft lip and palate in India is estimated approximately one in 500 live births (Ankola, Nagesh, Hegde & Karibasappa, 2005). Another survey done by Nagarajan, Murthy, and Raman (2005) estimated the incidence of cleft lip and palate in India as one in 781 live births.

The problems exhibited by individuals with CLP are heterogeneous in nature. The most common associated problems with cleft lip and palate are feeding difficulties, ear infections, dental anomalies, psychosocial disturbances, delay in speech and language development, hypernasality and misarticulation. The most frequently seen speech production problems demonstrated by children with CLP are those related to velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD), including hypernasality, audible nasal air emission, weak pressure consonants, and compensatory articulation patterns.

The individuals with velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) cannot either adequately or consistently close the velopharyngeal port during speech. Therefore, sound energy directed orally escapes through the nasal cavity. In addition, there may be articulatory errors, including compensatory articulations and reduced voice quality. The final result is a reduction in speech intelligibility (McWilliams, Morris, & Shelton, 1990; Kuehn & Moller, 2000; Peterson-Falzone, Hardin-Jones, & Karnell, 2001).

This is only the beginning part of the article. PLEASE CLICK HERE TO READ THE ENTIRE ARTICLE IN PRINTER-FRIENDLY VERSION.

Ms. Sahana Muralikrishna
Junior Research Fellow
All India Institute of Speech and Hearing
Mysore 570 006
Karnataka
India
sahanaaslp@yahoo.co.in

Dr. Pushpavathi M.
Professor
Department of Speech Language Pathology
All India Institute of Speech and Hearing
Mysore 570 006
Karnataka
India
shivanna.pushpa@gmail.com

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