LANGUAGE IN INDIA

Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow

Volume 16:12 December 2016
ISSN 1930-2940

Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D.
Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D.
         Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D.
         B. A. Sharada, Ph.D.
         A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D.
         Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D.
         Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D.
         G. Baskaran, Ph.D.
         L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D.
         C. Subburaman, Ph.D. (Economics)
         N. Nadaraja Pillai, Ph.D.
         Renuga Devi, Ph.D.
         Soibam Rebika Devi, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Assistant Managing Editor: Swarna Thirumalai, M.A.

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A Study of Choubak’s Works through Naturalistic Perspective

Mansoor Nikpanah, Ph.D.
Higher Educational Complex of Saravan, Iran

Sima Gharibey, M.A. of English Literature
Bushehr

Ahmad Mollaei
Teacher of University Applied Science, Iran

Nasrin Mozaffari, Ph.D. (Corresponding Author)
Bushehr University of Medical Sciences


Sadek Choubak (1916-1998)
Courtesy: http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/schoubak/sadeq_choubak.php

Abstract

Persian fiction has undergone changes during recent decades in a way that at times some paradoxical and exaggerating comments have been put forth regarding some writers and consequently readers have been left perplexed. One of these authors is Sadegh Choubak about whose writing style much has been said and written. Naturalism, realism, symbolism, Freudianism, existentialism, etc., are the features and isms that have been attributed to this great contemporary novelist of Iran. In between, Choubak’s being naturalistic has been proposed am among some critics. This article attempts to answer some problems regarding Choubak’s being naturalistic in some literary circles through a comparative study of Choubak’s writing style and Emil Zola the principle representative of the naturalism school. In this regard, it studies the features of the works of these two authors and compares them with one another.

Keywords: Choubak, Zola, naturalism, realism, story

Introduction

Nineteenth century has been accompanied with the emergence of industrial revolution effects upon the European countries. Industrial Revolution that began in the late eighteenth century led to extensive changes in European societies: Progress in the exploration and exploitation of mining technology, the development of fast economic growth, increasing wealth and social change are the most important effects that can be mentioned. "The scientific theories such as evolution, heredity and natural selection by people such as Prosper Luca and Darwin in the field of biology, were introduced in this period" (Forrest 26). In addition to scientific, technical and economic progress, in this period we observe major social changes in European societies. "The expansion of cities, building vast factories in them and mining led to the influx of a lot of people to the cities in order to find occupation. It caused the emergence of social classes among workers upon whom the burden of most factories and mines were put; people who had done the hard work would just receive a small wage. Although the industrial revolution increased wealth, this wealth was either in the hands of a few people who were owners of factories or mines or had them at their disposal. As a result, the income gap in European societies increased daily "(See Ross E. Dunn 83, vol3).

“Wealth would never be gathered this easily and poverty would never be this extensively and discordantly accompanied with all the new victories of engineering, ugliness, boredom and dirt as such that no civilization in the past had created it” (Bernal 391). These changes soon showed their face in the works of authors and a little later in the media in a way that it influenced the literary schools at that time and a plurality of pen holders in the wake of these developments created a series of works from which our writers were not alienated.

This is only the beginning part of the article. PLEASE CLICK HERE TO READ THE ENTIRE ARTICLE IN PRINTER-FRIENDLY VERSION.

Mansoor Nikpanah, Ph.D.
Faculty Member
Higher Educational Complex of Saravan
Iran
m.nikpanah@yahoo.com

Sima Gharibey, M.A. of English Literature
Bushehr
Iran
simagrb@gmail.com

Ahmad Mollaei
Teacher of University Applied Science
Baloochestan Education Center of Jahade Danshgahi Zahedan
Iran
Mollayi1359@yahoo.com

Nasrin Mozaffari, Ph.D. (Corresponding Author)
Bushehr University of Medical Sciences
Bushehr
Iran
mozafare@yahoo.com

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