LANGUAGE IN INDIA

Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow

Volume 17:1 January 2017
ISSN 1930-2940

Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D.
Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D.
         Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D.
         B. A. Sharada, Ph.D.
         A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D.
         Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D.
         Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D.
         G. Baskaran, Ph.D.
         L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D.
         C. Subburaman, Ph.D. (Economics)
         N. Nadaraja Pillai, Ph.D.
         Renuga Devi, Ph.D.
         Soibam Rebika Devi, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Assistant Managing Editor: Swarna Thirumalai, M.A.

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Socio-Economic Factors Leading Towards Child Labour: A Comparative Study in Punjab, Pakistan

Khizar Hayat Qamar (M. Phil) Lecturer Sociology
University of Sargodha, Sub Campus Mandi Bahauddin, Punjab Pakistan

Muhammad Shoaib, (M. Phil Scholar)

Abstract

Child labor is a serious social issue of the present era especially in the developing countries like Pakistan. Majority of the children in Pakistan are still working at hotels, tea-stalls, factories and brick-kilns and they are forced to earn money in order to fulfill the needs of the family or add to the income of the family. They are living in a miserable plight and pity condition. They have to work for long hours which affect their health. The number of child laborers in our country is about 12 million.

The present study was carried out in two districts (Mandi Bahauddin& Faisalabad) of Punjab. The main objective of the study was to explore various socio-economic factors paving the way for child labor in society. The universe of the present study was the city areas and suburbs of district Faisalabad & Mandi Bahauddin consisting hotels, workshops, tea-stalls and brick-kilns. Multistage sampling technique was used for the present study. At first stage, two districts (Faisalabad & Mandi Bahauddin) of Punjab province were randomly selected. At the second stage, city areas of these two districts were selected randomly for the selection of sample. At the third stage, a sample of 200 respondents (100 from each district) who were doing labor and working at hotels, workshops, tea-stalls and brick-kilns of the city areas was taken through convenient sampling. The data were collected by designing a well-structured interview schedule. The collected data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).

The results of the study showed that majority of the respondents were doing labor due to poverty and to support the family income. The other major reason of their labor was parents’ illiteracy. Their main problem was long working hours and continue work schedule which had bad and serious physical and metal effects on their health.

Keywords: Child Labor, Brick-Kilns, Poverty, Illiteracy, Mental effects

Introduction

Child labor is a multidimensional problem which involves various causes behind it in a number of ways. Some of the major factors which are responsible and paving the way for child labour are parents’ illiteracy, low levels of family income or poverty, ignorance, over population, large family size, traditional occupation, week enforcement of laws, unemployment, low levels of income, migration, lack of demand for universal compulsory primary education and many other factors (Venkateshwar, 2004).Child labour is considered as a crime against the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. The labour puts hindrance in the way of the education and normal development of the children which can be harmful to their health and their morals. The impacts of labour on children are not the same as on the adults because there are major psychological, mental, physical and social differences between these two groups. Children are seriously harmed by the work which is not harmful to adults. Dangerous work during development and growth in the childhood can have deep and negative effects on the children for the rest of their whole lives and it may destroy their mental and physical growth (Boyden et al, 1998).

This is only the beginning part of the article. PLEASE CLICK HERE TO READ THE ENTIRE ARTICLE IN PRINTER-FRIENDLY VERSION.


Khizar Hayat Qamar, Lecturer Sociology
University of Sargodha, Sub-Campus Mandi Bahauddin
Pakistan
qamar.khizar@gmail.com

Muhammad Shoaib, M. Phil Scholar
Department of Sociology, Riphah International University Faisalabad Campus
irshoaib@gmail.com
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