LANGUAGE IN INDIA

Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow

Volume 16:6 June 2016
ISSN 1930-2940

Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D.
Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D.
         Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D.
         B. A. Sharada, Ph.D.
         A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D.
         Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D.
         Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D.
         G. Baskaran, Ph.D.
         L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D.
         C. Subburaman, Ph.D. (Economics)
         N. Nadaraja Pillai, Ph.D.
         Renuga Devi, Ph.D.
         Soibam Rebika Devi, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Assistant Managing Editor: Swarna Thirumalai, M.A.

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Livelihood Practices and Environmental Changes
With Special Reference to Ukhrul District of Manipur

Console Zamreinao Shimrei, M.Phil., NET., Ph.D. Research Scholar

Abstract

The Tangkhul Naga was head-hunters, food gatherers, herdsmen for their livelihood in the very beginning of their settlement. Fruits and forest products were the main sources for their livelihood before transition from food gatherer to agriculturist. Shifting cultivation was the first and foremost agricultural practices by the Tangkhul Naga before the introduction of ter-raced cultivation. They practiced primitive agriculture. Shifting cultivation is integrally asso-ciated with cutting and burning down of forests and trees. It had profoundly embedded in their lifestyle. They practiced it for their livelihood. Shifting cultivation was a way of life for them. Therefore, their needs, food habits, folklores, festival and overall cultural ethos were connected to shifting cultivation. Shifting cultivation had considered destructive to the ecol-ogy and economically unviable and ecologically unsustainable. It was a major cause of forest loss in the hill tracts where it is practiced.

Climate change is considered one the most unwanted threats to the environment, with nega-tive impacts on human health, food security, economic activity, water and other natural re-sources and physical infrastructure. The meaning of ‘environment change’ had changed many times during the past century. Global Environmental Change or Global Change as used today includes not only climate change but also changes of other biophysical and anthropogenic systems. Environmental changes taking place in the realm of global climate change, alteration of natural surroundings, loss of biodiversity and water pollution.

Keywords: Jhum (Shifting cultivation), Ngaralui (Terraced cultivation), Livelihood (a means of securing the necessities of life), (Environmental (concern with natural conditions in which people, an-imals and plants live), and Hydrological (The branch of science concerned with the properties and distribution of water on the earth’s surface).

Introduction

The territory of Manipur situated within the latitude of 23* 50' and 25* 41 N. and the longi-tude of 93* 2' and 94* 47 E.1 The total geographical area of the state is about 22,327 sq. km. consisting of the Imphal valley of about 2,300 sq. km. surrounded by hill ranges comprising about nine-tenth of the total area of the state.2 The climate of the Imphal valley area of the state is sub-tropical whereas the climate of the hill districts varies from semi-temperate to temperate depending on the altitudes of the hills. The maximum temperatures of the Imphal valley is about 35*C and the hill area is about 31*C which are recorded in the months of May and June. The average annual rainfalls at Imphal valley, Ukhrul and Thanlon (South western hill range of Manipur) are about 1212.2mm, 1661.9mm and 2855.1 mm respectively.3

This is only the beginning part of the article. PLEASE CLICK HERE TO READ THE ENTIRE ARTICLE IN PRINTER-FRIENDLY VERSION.


Console Zamreinao Shimrei, M. Phil., NET., Ph.D. Research Scholar
Department of History,
Assam University
Diphu Campus
Diphu – 782460
Assam
India
czshimrei@gmail.com
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