LANGUAGE IN INDIA

Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow

Volume 17:3 March 2017
ISSN 1930-2940

Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D.
Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D.
         Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D.
         B. A. Sharada, Ph.D.
         A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D.
         Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D.
         Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D.
         G. Baskaran, Ph.D.
         L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D.
         C. Subburaman, Ph.D. (Economics)
         N. Nadaraja Pillai, Ph.D.
         Renuga Devi, Ph.D.
         Soibam Rebika Devi, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Assistant Managing Editor: Swarna Thirumalai, M.A.

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Socio-Economic and Cultural Factors Responsible for Illiteracy in
Rural Areas of District Mandi Bahauddin Punjab, Pakistan

Khizar Hayat Qamar

Abstract

Illiteracy is a serious social issue of the present era especially in the developing countries like Pakistan. Illiteracy is a social evil. It has very harmful effects on society. An illiterate person is unaware of the causes of his/her creation, does not know anything about his/her rights and duties. He does not understand law of the country and cannot make material progress in the world with the force of education and knowledge. He is unable to get good job in any public or govt. sector. Illiteracy is the "inability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying context (UNESCO). In 1930 the U.S. Bureau of the Census defined as illiterate any person over ten years of age who was unable to read and write in any language. By the next census (1940), the concept of "functional" illiteracy was adopted. Any person with less than five years of schooling was considered functionally illiterate, or unable to engage in social activities in which literacy is assumed.

The present study was conducted to investigate various causes of illiteracy in rural areas of Tehsil Phalia, District Mandi Bahauddin Punjab Pakistan. The sample of 120 respondents was selected by using simple random sampling. The data were collected by interview schedule and it was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study investigated that there were many causes of illiteracy. Poverty, parental illiteracy, lack of educational facilities, social and cultural disputes, unemployment, behavior of teacher and lack of children interest were the main causes of illiteracy. The finding of study depicted that 60% people were illiterate due to poverty. Illiteracy is not only a social evil but also causes many other social evils. It has very harmful effects on society. Both NGOs and Government should play their vital role for reduction of illiteracy.

Keywords: Illiteracy, Poverty, Schooling, Behavior

Introduction

Pakistan is most populated country of the world standing at the sixth number in term of high population among the world having the population almost 180 million. The whole population of Pakistan consists on various castes, culture and color. The illiteracy is always a serious issue of Pakistan which has the lowest literacy rates in the world. According to the findings of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the illiteracy rate of the Pakistan is 45% and it has the 160th position in countries of the whole world. Education is necessary for every person of society. It should be regard as a need not as want (UNESCO report by archivist online, 2015). Before 1947, Pakistan was a less developed part of India and ruled by the British government lasted about 100 years. During that era, the people of India were not properly aware of the importance of education. The people were mostly belonged to poor families so they do not spend on the education of their children. They only earned for the fulfillment of their basic needs. Even the rich families were not concerned with education. According to UNESCO report, when the first census was conducted in 1950, the overall literacy rate of India was 20% and it was 14% in Pakistan. In 2012 India has75% literacy rate while Pakistan literacy is 58%. Pakistan Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate is 79.1% for males and 61.5% for females.

This is only the beginning part of the article. PLEASE CLICK HERE TO READ THE ENTIRE ARTICLE IN PRINTER-FRIENDLY VERSION.

Khizar Hayat Qamar
Lecturer Sociology
University of Sargodha, Sub-Campus Mandi Bahauddin
Pakistan
qamar.khizar@gmail.com
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