LANGUAGE IN INDIA

Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow

Volume 22:12 December 2022
ISSN 1930-2940

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         Pammi Pavan Kumar, Ph.D.
         Soibam Rebika Devi, M.Sc., Ph.D.

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Systematic Review on Neural Basis of Dyslexia

Dr. C. S. Swathi, Ph.D., Dr. A. Anupama, Ph.D. and
Dr. R. Sudheer Bhan, Ph.D.

Abstract

Dyslexia is a learning disability, affecting the literacy skills like reading, writing, spelling or mathematical, occurring in children (Developmental Dyslexia) or in adults (Acquired Dyslexia). In the Indian context, at the school level, it is estimated to range from 3 to 21%, based on the area of study and the methodology used. Research has shown that the causes for Dyslexia are multifactorial, ranging from neuro-developmental, genetic, linguistic to neurobiological in nature. Neurobiology of dyslexia is born from the construct that phonological deficits seen in dyslexics have multiple components (like poor phonological awareness, impaired lexical retrieval and poor verbal short-term memory), and each of these involve different neural networks. The present study is based on a systematic review and analyses of 17 selected research articles. This review revealed that, for good readers, there were patterns of coordination among different regions of the brain, especially the left parieto-temporal region, occipito-temporal and inferior frontal language regions. Within the lobes there were regions with more activation during some tasks than others. Whereas, for children with Dyslexia, different regions of the brain showed, inactivation, under activation or reduced activation in left parieto-temporal and occipito-temporal regions along with increased activation in frontal and right hemisphere language related regions during activities of reading, writing and spelling. Studies also demonstrated changes in the brain activation patterns after intensive evidence-based reading interventions in the dyslexics. Based on neurobiological factors, dyslexics have been explained as a deficit in automatization, a cerebellar deficit and deficits in magnocellular pathways.

Keywords: Dyslexia, Neurobiology, Systematic Review, Neuroimaging

Introduction

Learning to read and write are multidimensional processes, rooted in Language and Cognition. Dyslexia is a form of Learning Disability, neuro-developmental and neurobiological in nature, which affects literacy and/or academic skills (Reading, Writing and Spelling and Mathematics) in children, adolescents and adults, despite having adequate intelligence and instruction. It has drawn attention of researchers from diverse fields such as Cognitive Psychology, Neurosciences, Linguistics, Speech-Hearing Sciences and Education.

Earlier, studies on Dyslexia have indicated that a deficiency in phonological processing was thought to underpin the reading difficulties of individuals with dyslexia. A variety of explanations have been proposed in this regard including deficits in phonological awareness, lack of awareness of the sound structure of words in their language, difficulty in breaking down a spoken word into its individual sounds, difficulty in spelling etc. These deficits were thought to co-occur with visual processing deficits, which were particularly salient for languages having visually complex stimuli (representation of spoken form in the written form) such as Chinese or Telugu. Cross-linguistic research has shown that Individuals with dyslexia performed worse than typically developing readers on phonological tasks, specifically when discriminating between novel visual patterns and in visuo-spatial working memory, which requires greater attention control.

This is only the beginning part of the article. PLEASE CLICK HERE TO READ THE ENTIRE ARTICLE IN PRINTER-FRIENDLY VERSION.

Dr. C. S. Swathi, Ph.D. (Corresponding Author)
Assistant Professor
Department of Linguistics
University College of Arts and Social Sciences
Osmania University
csswathi@osmania.ac.in

Dr. A. Anupama, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Psychology
University College of Arts and Social Sciences
Osmania University
anupama_a@osmania.ac.in

Dr. R. Sudheer Bhan, Ph.D.
Consultant Clinical Linguist, Hyderabad
bsudheer2@rediffmail.com
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