LANGUAGE IN INDIA

Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow

Volume 23:1 January 2023
ISSN 1930-2940

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         B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D.
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         Pammi Pavan Kumar, Ph.D.
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Negation in Jungli (Ao)

T. Temsunungsang, PhD

Abstract

This paper gives a descriptive account of negation in Jungli (Ao), a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Aos in Nagaland, Northeast India. Jungli has two negative markers, the negative prefix ‘m?¯-’ and the prohibitive marker ‘t?`-’. I examine the occurrence and restriction of these two prefixes in sentence constructions involving tense and aspect markers, modal markers, copulas, interrogatives and converb constructions. A short description of negative words in Jungli is also presented.

Keywords: Jungli, Chungli, Ao, negation

1. Introduction

Jungli (ISO 639-3 njo; earlier known as Chungli) is a Tibeto-Burman language of North-East India, spoken by the Aos in Nagaland. While they traditionally belong to Mokokchung district, which is the central part of Nagaland, they are found today in almost all urban areas of Nagaland. The Aos are divided into three main groups based on their cultural and linguistic differences: Jungli, Mongsen and Changki, each group with a distinct language/dialect. Of the total population of 260,008 (All India, Census 2011), a rough estimate is that 50% speak Jungli and 40% speak Mongsen. The remaining 10% speak Changki and other minor dialects (Coupe 2003). Though these dialects are spoken by the same tribal group, they are largely considered to be mutually unintelligible, though the standardization of Jungli and the exposure of the dialects to each other have reduced this level of unintelligibility. Mongsen and Changki are also considered to be closer to each other. Today, Jungli is used in the sphere of education, mass media, and all religious and formal activities.

Though it is a language spoken by a major tribe, not many linguistic works are available on the language, and none on negation to my knowledge. Gowda’s (1978) grammar of Ao, which is based on Jungli, gives a very brief discussion on negation, identifying two negative prefixes /ta/ and /ma/. A number of phonological processes involving the prefixes are also discussed with examples.

In this paper, I examine the nature of negation in Jungli, giving a descriptive account with respect to its occurrence and restriction in different types of sentences.

This is only the beginning part of the article. PLEASE CLICK HERE TO READ THE ENTIRE ARTICLE IN PRINTER-FRIENDLY VERSION.

T. Temsunungsang, PhD
Department of Linguistics
The English and Foreign Languages University
Regional Campus, Shillong
Umshing-Mawkynroh, Shillong-793022
ttjamir@gmail.com
Mobile- 9615678027
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