LANGUAGE IN INDIA

Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow

Volume 23:6 June 2023
ISSN 1930-2940

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         Pammi Pavan Kumar, Ph.D.
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Pronouns in Simte

H. Kapginlian, Ph.D. Scholar and Dr. Saralin A. Lyngdoh, Associate Professor

Abstract

Simte is one of the Kuki-Chin languages spoken mostly in Churachandpur and Pherzawl districts of Manipur. This paper attempts to investigate the forms of pronouns and its types in Simte. Data has been collected through elicitation from four Simte elders aged around 50-55. Pronouns in Simte are free forms that function alone to fill the position of a noun phrase in a clause. Since it is a pro-drop language, the pronoun dropping is evident extensively in the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun. It is realized by the reflexive prefix ‘ki-’ added to the main verb. The emphatic pronouns, which is a common feature in Kuki-Chin languages, in this language is realized by the suffix ‘-ma?’ added to the subject pronoun. For demonstrative pronouns, Simte employs ‘hi’ for a proximal distance which is near to a deictic centre while the morpheme ‘hu’ is employed for a distal one denoting a referent that is located at some distance from the deictic centre.

Keywords: Pronouns, Simte, deictic centre, emphatic.

Introduction

Simte is one of the Kuki-Chin languages spoken mostly in Churachandpur and Pherzawl districts of Manipur. According to Ching (2012), most of the Simtes are confined to the Churachandpur district, which is located in the Southern Part of Manipur. To be precise, the Simte speaking community can be found in Thanlon sub-divison, Singngat sub-division and Churachandpur Town. Hangluah (2019) states the term “Sim” means “South”, and ‘Te” means the “People”, and thus, “Simte” literally means “The people of the South”. They live mainly in Manipur, Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Meghalaya and Myanmar.

Grierson (1904) asserts Simte is one of the indigenous tribe groups under the central Chin sub-group of the Kuki-chin group of the Tibeto Burman family. Lewis, Simons and Fennings (2013) also classified Simte under the Northern Kuki-Chin groups along with Paite, Vaiphei and Zou. According to 2001 census Reports, the total Simte population of Manipur is around 11,651. And 2011 census report shows the population of Simte falls down to 6728. (Census Report, 2011). Simte is a tonal language, with a R-less language unlike Mizo and Hmar languages.

This is only the beginning part of the article. PLEASE CLICK HERE TO READ THE ENTIRE ARTICLE IN PRINTER-FRIENDLY VERSION.

H. Kapginlian, Ph.D. Scholar
North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong
lianhangluah2017@gmail.com

Dr. Saralin A. Lyngdoh, Associate Professor
North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong
saralyngdoh@gmail.com
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