LANGUAGE IN INDIA

Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow

Volume 24:5 May 2024
ISSN 1930-2940

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         B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D.
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         G. Baskaran, Ph.D.
         T. Deivasigamani, Ph.D.
         Pammi Pavan Kumar, Ph.D.
         Soibam Rebika Devi, M.Sc., Ph.D.

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Contrasting the Varieties of English in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan
in the Light of Kachru's Three Circle Model of English

Simran Wohra & Sukanto Roy

Abstract

The paper discusses the concept of language varieties concerning their influence on social norms, prestige, and social class. It highlights the different varieties of language, including dialects, registers, and standard languages, and their relationship with the concept of a speech community. The paper also delves into the spread of English across the globe, its historical and political factors, and its impact on linguistic diversity and cultural identity in countries like India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The efficiency and reliability of Kachru's Three Circle Model of English are also examined, and recommendations are provided for further research into World Englishes.

Keywords: language varieties, world Englishes, Indian accent, Kachru’s model of three circles, linguistic variation

Introduction

Varieties of Language by Hudson (1996) described language varieties and explained that these varieties are influenced by various factors such as social norms, prestige, and social class. Varieties of language are a natural phenomenon that includes deviation in dialects, registers, standard languages, and others. The terms 'variety' and 'language' may still be used informally but are not taken seriously as theoretical constructs. Varieties are often more phonological-based language variations without a written form, whereas standard languages also have writing forms. English has become a global language with variations in different regions. Different versions of English have different geographical and historical backgrounds, which can sometimes lead to misapprehensions. More non-native speakers than native speakers now speak English.

Kachru's Three Circle Model of English categorizes the language into Inner, Outer, and Expanding Circles, which show different types of language usage. Kachru’s model explains that the coloniser or the native speaker of the English language is the Inner Circle, such as the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The third-world countries that were colonized are the Outer Circle, such as Malaysia, Singapore, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Ghana, Kenya and others; the nations that were not colonized and are adapting the language with their meantime and conditions are the Expanding Circle, such as China, Japan, Greece and Poland (Crystal, 1997).

This paper investigates the South Asian subcontinent (India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan) to evaluate the difference between their Englishes contrasting Braj to Kachru’s model.

This is only the beginning part of the article. PLEASE CLICK HERE TO READ THE ENTIRE ARTICLE IN PRINTER-FRIENDLY VERSION.

Simran Wohra & Sukanto Roy
Department of English and Modern Languages
North South University
Dhaka, Bangladesh

Corresponding Author: Dr. Sukanto Roy
E-mail: sukanto.roy@northsouth.edu
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